What are keystone native plants and why are they so important?
Keystone plants are natives that are essential to our ecosystems because they support 90% of the caterpillar species that enable our terrestrial birds to reproduce, as well as all our specialist native bee species. They can be trees, shrubs, or perennials, and can be found in backyards and other natural environments.
The concept of keystone species revolves around the idea that certain plant species can support hundreds of other species within an ecosystem. According to Jody Walthall, these keystone plants have a “disproportionately large impact on the abundance and diversity of other species, such as insects.” In their absence, the quality of the local ecosystem can deteriorate, much like removing the keystone from a Roman archway. Insects are the primary focus for keystone plants because disrupting these primary consumers leads to significant disruptions higher up the food chain.
Keystone plants for butterflies in North America include:
These plants are important for butterflies because they provide food and shelter for their caterpillars. Milkweed, for example, is the only food source for monarch butterfly caterpillars. Joe-pye weed, black-eyed Susan, coneflower, goldenrod, aster, and sunflower are all good sources of nectar for adult butterflies.
There are numerous advantages to incorporating keystone native plants into your landscape:
Supporting Local Wildlife
By providing food and shelter for pollinators, birds, and other animals, native plants create a thriving ecosystem in your own backyard. This fosters biodiversity and helps to maintain the delicate balance of nature. Studies by entomologist Dr. Doug Tallamy have shown that landscapes with keystone plants support 70-75% more caterpillar species than those without them, highlighting the crucial role these plants play in the food chain.
Enhancing Pollination
Many native plants are specifically adapted to attract pollinators like bees, butterflies, and hummingbirds. These pollinators are essential for the reproduction of many flowering plants, including fruits and vegetables we rely on. A single bee visit can pollinate hundreds of flowers, ensuring a bountiful harvest and healthy ecosystems.
Promoting Natural Pest Control
Native plants are nature’s pest control! A healthy ecosystem with a diverse population of beneficial insects helps to keep pest populations in check naturally. Keystone plants often attract predator insects that feed on harmful insects, reducing the need for pesticides. This creates a safer environment for you, your family, and your pets.
Reducing Maintenance Needs
Native plants are adapted to the local climate and soil conditions, requiring less water and fertilizer than non-native species. This translates to lower maintenance needs for your garden, saving you time and money. Additionally, native plants are often more resistant to pests and diseases, further reducing the need for interventions.
By planting keystone plants in your garden, you can help to support the population of butterflies and help restore native biodiversity!
