Raising Black Swallowtail Butterflies for Fun

One of my favorite butterflies to raise is the Eastern Black Swallowtail (Papilio polyxenes). It’s an easy species to attract to your garden. You just need to provide their host plants on which the females lay their eggs, including Dill, Fennel, Parsley, Rue or Golden Alexander and they will find them.

Eastern Black Swallowtail and Host Plants
The beautiful Eastern Black Swallowtail (Papilio polyxenes) butterfly and five of its host plants, including common herbs: Dill, Fennel, and Parsley.
Female Eastern Black Swallowtail ovipositing
Female Eastern Black Swallowtail butterfly ovipositing an egg on Fennel. Look closely at the end of her abdomen. Can you see the cream-colored egg?
Eastern Black Swallowtail Eggs
Eastern Black Swallowtail butterfly eggs on Rue and Fennel leaves.

Once you find the eggs or tiny caterpillars, remove the leaves or pieces of the plant they are on and place them inside a small plastic cup with a lid.  This keeps the tiny caterpillars from escaping.) Do not punch holes.

You can purchase 2-ounce or 9-ounce cups at most grocery stores or click on the link to order them online: https://amzn.to/2BmTy2Y

Keep them inside the cup until after they hatch and for a few days. Then you can place them inside a larger container. I like to use salad containers from fast-food restaurants, but you can use any container with a lid. I use a pushpin to punch air holes in the lid. Line the bottom of the container with a paper towel or coffee filter. Be sure to provide plenty of the host plant leaves on which you found the eggs and/or caterpillars.

Use a pushpin to punch air holes in the lid of the container.
Salad Container Repurposed as a Butterfly Habitat
This easy-to-assemble habitat is nothing more than a fast-food salad container lined with a coffee filter. A few holes punched in the top with a push pin complete the project. These Eastern Black Swallowtail caterpillars are dining on Curly Parsley.
Caterpillar Condo
I call this my caterpillar condo.

Check on your caterpillars each day to make sure they have enough food to feast on. Once they get bigger you will need to empty the fecal droppings (known as frass) each day and add a new coffee filter or paper towel plus fresh food.

Caterpillar Frass
Caterpillars make a mess! Be sure to clean your cage every day to keep your caterpillars healthy and happy.

When they are ready to pupate, they will crawl to the top of the lid and make their chrysalis. Many people like to put sticks inside the container for them to use, but that is not necessary. However, it can be fun to see the different colors the chrysalis becomes.

Pupating Caterpillars
The caterpillar will crawl to the top and spin a silk girdle on the container lid before it sheds its skin for the final time.
Chameleon-like Pupae
Chameleon-like, the Eastern Black Swallowtail caterpillar will pupate with colors that match its surroundings in order to camouflage itself.
A newly-emerged female Eastern Black Swallowtail butterfly ready for its first flight

It usually takes about two weeks for the butterfly to emerge from the chrysalis. You can then experience the joy of holding and releasing your new butterfly.

Beyond the Blossom: The Allure of Fruit for Butterflies

While many butterflies daintily sip nectar from blooming flowers, others follow their wilder cravings—drawn to the rich, fermenting sugars of overripe fruit. Incorporating a fruit feeder into your butterfly garden offers more than just a sweet gesture—it caters to species that thrive on the nutrients found in rotten fruit. For these butterflies, nectar is not enough; they seek the deep, juicy sustenance that only fruit can provide.

A couple of Painted Lady (Vanessa cardui) butterflies enjoy sips of sweet fruit juice on a summer afternoon. By placing sliced oranges and watermelon inside a suet bird feeder you can make this simple butterfly feeder.

Why Fruit Attracts Butterflies

Butterflies are attracted to the sugary liquids found in fruit. As fruits ripen, they release sugars and other compounds that butterflies find appealing. Overripe or rotting fruits become softer and more liquid, making their juices easier to access. The fermentation process in overripe fruits can also release scents that appeal to butterflies.

Butterflies have a straw-like proboscis, which is a modified mouthpart that allows them to sip liquids. They can’t chew solid food, so they use their proboscis to access the juices from the fruit.

A Red-spotted Purple enjoys feeding on cantaloupe.

🔎 Species to Watch For

Species especially drawn to fruit include Mourning Cloaks (Nymphalis antiopa), Red Admirals (Vanessa atalanta), Question Marks (Polygonia interrogationis), Red-Spotted Purples (Limenitis arthemis), Hackberry Emperors (Asterocampa celtis), Viceroys (Limenitis archippus), and Commas (Polygonia c-album) and Question Marks (Polygonia interrogationis).  These butterflies are known for their fondness of fermented sugars and may visit regularly if fruit is available.

A sweet orange set out on my deck railing attracted this  Viceroy butterfly.

🍊How to Create a Simple Fruit Feeder

The National Wildlife Federation suggests using a plate and adding fruit that is going bad.  Place pieces of overripe fruit  in a shallow dish and place it outside.  The mixture can be kept moist by adding water or fruit juice. Add a splash of beer or wine to enhance fermentation and a dash of salt to attract more butterflies.

This hanging bird feeder makes the perfect backyard butterfly feeder. Click here to find hanging bird feeders.

My friend, Jill Streit-Murphy of Building a Butterfly Garden, hangs out a rotten banana in her garden. There are so many butterflies you can’t even see the fruit!

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A mass of Hackberry Emperor (Asterocampa celtis) butterflies marauding a rotting banana still in its peel. • Copyright by Jill Streit-Murphy. Used with permission.

🚫Keep Ants Away

Hang your fruit feeder with an ant guard to prevent invasions. Options include water-filled guards with a drop of oil, or those with enclosed pesticide elements that don’t contact the butterflies.

IMG_2694 copy
An ant guard is an essential equipment when using a butterfly feeder. Click here or on photo to view a variety of ant guards.

🍌 Banana Brew for the Bold

The National Butterfly Center in Mission, Texas, makes a Banana Brew” and paints the mixture on stumps and logs placed throughout their nature preserve. Many of the tropical butterflies found in the sanctuary and be found feeding on the banana brew making it a perfect place to observe and photograph butterflies.

Malachite (Siproeta stelenes) and  Tropical Leafwing (Anaea aidea) feed on the sweet “Butterfly Brew” at the National Butterfly Center outdoor butterfly conservatory in Mission, Texas.

🍌 Butterfly Brew Recipe

Here’s a basic version you can try at home:
8-10 Overripe bananas (mashed)
2 cups brown sugar or molasses
1 16 oz Dark Beer 

Blend until smooth. Should be the consistency of cake batter. Let the mixture keep on counter overnight to fefment, then store in fridge.

🖌️ How to Use It

Mix ingredients until you get a thick, sticky paste.
Paint it onto logs, tree trunks, or flat stones in your garden.
Place in shaded areas where butterflies like to rest.

American Lady (Vanessa virginiensis) feeds on butterfly brew placed on a rotting log.

Quick Tips for Fruity Butterfly Feasting

🍉 Best Fruit Choices

  • Use soft, overripe fruits like bananas, peaches, oranges, apples, watermelon and cantaloup and strawberries
  • Avoid citrus peels or underripe fruit—they’re tougher and less appealing

☀️ When to Place Feeders

  • Late summer and early fall often bring more fruit-feeding visitors
  • Warm, sunny days help release fruity scents that attract butterflies

🍽️ Placement Matters

  • Set fruit out near resting spots like logs, rocks, or garden benches
  • Shade helps slow down fruit decay and keeps butterflies cool

🚫 Ant-Proofing Tricks

  • Use hanging dishes with water-filled ant guards
  • Apply petroleum jelly around feeder edges to deter crawlers

📸 Butterfly Watching Bonus

  • Early morning and mid-afternoon are prime times for fruit-feeding activity
  • Keep your camera ready—some fruit lovers are bold and photogenic!

“I have been transformed.”

Flowers for Fall-Migrating Monarch Butterflies

One of the surest ways to see fall-migrating Monarch butterflies is to plant flowers that attract them. Monarchs will drop from the sky for the nectar they need for energy during fall migrations.

Monarch (Danaus plexippus) on Lantana (Lantana camara). Photo courtesy Tiago J. G. Fernandes. Used with permission.

The Monarchs will search for nectar plants the entire time they are traveling to their winter roosting sites in Mexico. Gardens can provide a place for the migrating monarchs so they can refuel and continue their journey. Help Monarchs by planting flowers that bloom late into the fall such as the flowers listed below.

Asters (Aster spp.) are a favorite of Monarchs (Danaus plexippus) in the fall, particularly the New England Aster (Symphyotrichum novae-angliae).

Monarch on aster
Monarch nectaring on Aster.

Sunflowers (Helianthus spp.), including Mexican Sunflower (Tithonia rotundifolia) and Swamp Sunflowers (Helianthus angustifolius) are late bloomers and provide nectar for migrating Monarchs.

Mexican Sunflower (Tithonia rotundifolia)
Monarch nectaring on Swamp Sunflower. Photo courtesy LuGene Peterson. Used with permission.

Many Lantanas are still blooming.  I had several Monarchs stop in late October in my North Carolina, USA, garden to sip the nectar from ‘Miss Huff’ Lantana (Lantana camara ‘Miss Huff’)

Monarch butterfly nectaring on ‘Miss Huff’ Lantana.

Goldenrod (Solidago spp.) is a wonderful fall blooming perennial and is one of the major nectar sources for the Monarchs’ trip back to Mexico.

The brilliant purple-crimson bloom of Ironweed (Vernonia fasciculata) is very attractive to Monarchs. See some spectacular photos of Monarchs on Ironweed at the Flower Hill Farm Retreat.

Monarch sampling Ironweed nectar.

Other great nectar flowers to plant for fall-migrating Monarchs include
Purple Coneflowers (Echinacea purpurea).

Monarch butterfly goes to work on a Purple Coneflower in the garden.

Autumn Joy Stonecrop (Sedum ‘Herbstfreude’) burst into bloom in fall. If left standing, they provide winter interest and food for birds.

Migrating Monarchs stop by the Flower Hill Farm Retreat to feed on the blooms on “Autumn Joy” Sedum. Photo courtesy Carol Ann Duke. Used with permission.

Blazing Star  (Liatris spicata)

Blazing Star (Liatris spicata)

Anise Hyssop (Agastache foeniculum)

Anise Hyssop (Agastache foeniculum)

The Monarchs flock to the Joe Pye Weed (Eupatorium purpureum).

Joe Pye Weed, Monarch Butterfly

Cardinal Flower (Lobelia cardinalis)

Photo by the Insects of Northern Ontario

Hope for the Butterflies

I was thrilled when I discovered these Coontie bushes in a yard in West Palm Beach, Florida, USA. Yes, I know, they’re bare. But, that is actually good news because it means there’ve been caterpillars feeding on the leaves. And those caterpillars turn into cute little Atala butterflies!

Coontie plants
Coontie (Zamia integrifolia) plants that have been stripped of most leaves by hungry Atala (Eumaeus atala) caterpillars in West Palm Beach, Florida, USA. The plants will rejuvenate themselves in a few weeks, stimulated by their natural pruning.

This is significant because, at one point, the Atala butterfly, native to south Florida, was thought extinct during the mid 1960s. Atala butterflies use Coontie as the host plant for their caterpillars. Coontie is a small, tough, woody palm-like perennial plant.

Healthy Coontie plants
Healthy Coontie plants.

It was used by Native Americans and later by European settlers who processed the Coontie’s large storage root to extract an edible starch, which was used to make bread. Settlers continued the practice on an industrial level and by the early 1900s several commercial factories in south Florida processed Coontie roots for the manufacture of arrowroot biscuits.

Arrowroot biscuit advertisement
Vintage advertisement for Arnott’s Milk Arrowroot Biscuits.

Coontie plants started disappearing throughout Florida, and so did the Atala butterfly. By 1965, federal and state authorities thought the Atala was extinct.

Atala butterfly
Atala butterfly with its jet black, neon blue, and orange markings.
Atala larva on Coontie with their fancy red and yellow colors mimicking Coontie seeds for camouflage.

Coontie has made a comeback because Sunshine State gardeners have rediscovered that the native plant is well adapted to Florida yards. Its increased use in landscapes has encouraged the presence of the Atala butterfly. The Atala butterfly is now thriving, once again, in southern and Central Florida.

This is significant. Why? It means that you can make a huge impact on protecting butterflies by growing the right plants in your yard. Currently, Monarch (Danaus plexippus) butterfly populations are in decline because native Milkweed plants (Asclepias spp.), which Monarchs use as hosts for their caterpillars, are disappearing from farm fields and roadsides where milkweeds used to thrive.

Karen Oberhauser, monarch expert and professor at the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis, said, “North American gardeners can contribute by planting milkweed and making their land more butterfly friendly. Given the conservation challenges facing monarchs, it’s vitally important that we mobilize as many people as possible. Through our collective efforts, monarch populations can rebound, so that their migrations may be appreciated by many generations to come,” she concluded.

Let’s work together, make our yards butterfly-friendly, plant Milkweed and native plants for the Monarchs (Danaus plexippus) and bring hope to these butterflies! Click here to locate Milkweed seeds for your garden.

Monarch butterfly
Monarch butterfly nectaring on Butterfly Weed (Asclepias tuberosa), a species of Milkweed which also happens to be their host plant.